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2015, The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army
2018 •
It is possible to view an unusual object in the display showing Roman military equipment at the permanent exhibit of the Intecisa Museum, a special weapon of the army in Late Antiquity, the plumbata. The meaning of the Latin word is 'leaden', but if the construction and use of the implement is taken into account it could be called a dart in English. With this ca. 50 cm long, hand-thrown weapon the heavy infantry could have begun to disrupt the diployment of the enemy from a distance.
Plumbatae, a distinctive throwing weapon of late antiquity, have been attested in considerable numbers in Serbia, which supports Vegetius’ observation about their having been widely used by Roman troops in Illyricum. The distribution map of their findspots in Serbia shows concentrations along the Danube frontier and on major strategic sites in the interior of the province. The increasing use of plumbatae in the fourth and fifth centuries resulted from the fundamental changes introduced in the organization and armament of the Roman army during the Tetrarchy, and from the growing need to employ troops proficient in using missile weapons in battle.
M C Bishop (ed.), The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment. Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR, International Series 275, Oxford
First Century Military Daggers and the Manufacture and Supply of Weapons for the Roman Army1985 •
2016 •
Roman military equipment in the 4 th century BC: pilum, scutum and the introduction of manipular tactics Słowa kluczowe: wojskowość starożytnego Rzymu, pilum, scutum, taktyka manewrowa W eapons and tactics of the Roman army in the era of the great wars with Carthage, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire, as well as in campaigns against the Celts and the tribes of Iberian Peninsula , waged in the years 264–133 BC, are the subject of many publications. Earlier periods in the development of Roman weapons and fighting techniques have been comparatively neglected. The main reason for this is the low reliability of literary sources (Small 2000, p. 230) and almost complete lack of archaeological finds, the context and dating of which can be linked with the army of Rome in the period of the Early Republic (Rawlings 2007, p. 54), as well as the scarcity of iconographic sources. However, this period was crucial for the emergence of a particular method of fighting of the army, which was to conquer the whole Mediterranean world. The aim of this text is to explain and interpret different types of sources and, as a result, to offer a reconstruction of major elements in the evolution of weapons and tactics of heavy infantry, which formed the backbone of the Roman army in the period when these changes occurred, with a special emphasis placed on the widespread use of oblong shield and heavy javelin in the 4 th century BC. Authors of principal publications concerning the subject of development of Roman arms and armour such as Michael C. Bishop and Jonathan Ch.N. Coulston (2006) as well as Michel Feugère (2002) begin their narrative from the First Punic War. There is no consensus among researchers as to the dating of the transformation of Roman weaponry and tactics in this period. Most of them do not agree with any date given by ancient authors, often emphasizing low reliability of written sources (e.g.
Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Nº 42 (2012), 4.
Augustan campaigns in the initial phase of the Cantabrian War and roman artillery projectiles from the Monte Bernorio Oppidum (Villarén, prov. Palencia)Abstract: The Cantabrian and Asturian Wars, led by the emperor Octavian Augustus, remain relatively unknown, despite their great political prominence at the time. The Monte Bernorio oppidum, in particular, staged a crucial victory for the military campaign, as recent archaeological excavations have revealed. This paper presents new data on the assault of the Roman legions, including weapon remains found during excavation, especially artillery projectiles used during the attack. Evidence for small-calibre artillery projectiles could prove the use of this kind of machine in the Early Roman Empire. Keywords: Northern Iberia, Late Iron Age, Cantabrian and Asturian wars, Roman legions, Roman artillery, ballista, scorpio, manuballista, Monte Bernorio oppidum. Published in English with Abstract and Keywords in German, French and Spanish.
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